429 is not a timeout: why rate limits need their own retry budget
A 429 and a 500 both land in the same except block, so most retry budgets treat them the same: one bucket, one backoff curve, one circuit breaker. That conflation is wrong in both directions — it makes you wait too little for the failure that isn’t yours, and panic too much over the one that is. Two error classes, two buckets, and the Retry-After header everyone reads and no one obeys.